CCD/CMOS – the future is already here!

Optical Emission Spectrometers (OES) make use of detectors that convert incident light (optical signal) into electrical impulses that can then be measured quantitatively and compared using a database, to give the required output – the elemental concentration of the element’s being measured.

After its invention in 1930, Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) emerged as the detectors of choice for OES makers. PMTs were seen as the cutting-edge of technology – as they replaced the use of photographic plates that were the norm till that time. Using PMTs, instruments could automate measurement. PMTs rapidly took over the market and soon virtually every OES used these detectors. PMTs also improved over the decades and reached their peak by the late-1980s. Thereafter however, as with every technology, they stagnated – and a newer more modern technology emerged.

CCD, though invented in 1969, started being regularly used in industry only towards the end of the 1980s. The introduction of CCDs to spectrometry, indeed, marked the beginning of the end for PMT-based Spectrometers as well as a lot of other devices. However, it is only now, with the increasing maturity of the new incumbent, that the tolling of the bells has become loud and clear enough to be heard.

The Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear array detector technology had started seeing applications in optical fields well before, but by the 1990s, CCD technology had advanced to the point of making them viable for usage in high-precision applications like spectrometry. Given their advantages – smaller, lighter, dense number of pixels on each detector (a PMT is a single-pixel detector), CCDs offered all the advantages an R&D design engineer could ask for – apart from the highest levels of sensitivity. This however was improving rapidly too. By the turn of the millennium, every renowned OES maker had started evaluating CCD detectors and introducing models based on them. This pace has not slackened; CCD detectors have advanced so rapidly, they’re used in all manner of high-end applications, including space applications, imaging from satellites etc. and of course, the highest-end applications in spectrometry.

As OES manufacturers, we evaluated all manner of detectors – and chose the CCD as our detector of choice. As technology evolved further, CMOS, which had previously lagged CCDs on performance despite offering cost and scalability advantages began to gather steam. By the mid-2010s, the latest generation of CMOS detectors began to match and even better CCDs on some aspects. Compared to PMTs, these detectors were superior on just about every parameter. As leaders, we were the first to evaluate and then adopt these CMOS detectors – launching our first CMOS-equipped OES back in 2016! Our pioneering work has today been mirrored by virtually everyone else. Today, CMOS/CCD detectors are accepted globally as the very best detectors for all manner of spectrometer applications, even – and indeed, particularly – at the very highest end!

We continue, however, to face questions from customers who carry legacy views on the benefits of PMTs – or those who are fall prey to the marketing ploys of a handful of competing firms that have still not been able to optimize CMOS/CCD technology in their own instruments and therefore stick to PMTs detectors. This document aims to dispel some misconceptions and educate users on the differences between the detectors and their capabilities.

PMT (Photomultiplier Tube) detectors

In simple terms, a PMT is a single-pixel detector; each PMT can therefore detect just one wavelength – the one it is specifically aligned for. A near-obsolete legacy device, the PMT is a remnant of the vacuum tube era. Each PMT captures emitted photons of light and its photocathode layer then converts these photons to electricity. Dynodes are then used to multiply this charge multi-fold making it readable for the instrument. PMTs are of different specifications and types – and therefore prices too. PMTs used in the Deep UV section of a spectrometer for example are multiple times as expensive as those used in the Visible section. Channel PMTs (also called CPMs) are just another variant of PMTs that narrow, curved semi-conductive channel to perform the same functions as a classical dynode chain. CPMs are therefore identical in nature to PMTs and offer the same pros and cons. PMTs are, fundamentally, large (as compared to other solid state devices), single-pixel detectors that offer excellent signal amplification and near-instant response times (given they’re analog devices, as it were). The Pros and Cons of PMTs can be summarised as below:


Pros of PMTs / CPMs Cons of PMTs / CPMs
  • Very rapid – as these are analogue in nature
  • High sensitivity – given the multi-fold charge amplification
  • Low noise in the detectors – allows for low-level analysis
  • Time-tested – been around for decades in all manner of applications
  • Large size limits the number of that can be accommodated in the optics
  • Each wavelength to be covered needs a separate PMT
  • High energy consumption
  • Low design flexibility given detector size and limits on accommodation
  • Expensive – needs as many detectors as wavelengths covered

CMOS / CCD detectors

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) detectors are solid state detectors that convert incident photons into electrical signals. The fundamental advantage of these detectors stems from the fact that – as solid state devices, they are extremely compact and each detector has thousands of pixels – each of which is, in effect, a detector as each pixel’s output can be individually measured. Hence, technically, a 2048-pixel detector covers 2,048 separate wavelengths. Given the extremely compact size of these detectors, therefore, a spectrometer using these detectors can cover every wavelength of light, without making the compromises that PMT detectors mandate.

The CCD was the first to emerge and linear CCD detectors were first used in spectrometers back in the late 1980s. At this time, these were considered fit only for basic and entry-level models, given higher noise, low speed and lower sensitivity as compared to PMT detectors. With the influx of more persons and ideas into this field, the rapid advance in solid state devices has seen them progress and improve in leaps and bounds. By the mid-nineties, CCD detectors began to offer far better performance – and emerged on mid-range OES, even offering low level Nitrogen analysis. By the 2010s, CCD and CMOS detectors surpassed PMT devices even in their core strengths – sensitivity, noise levels and speed. Today, the latest CCD/CMOS devices offer better performance on virtually every parameter relevant to a spectrometer! Indeed, CMOS detectors now enable even lower detection limits than PMTs and allow for all manner of top-end features including Time-Resolved Spectroscopy (TRS), Single-Spark Analysis and a whole range of superior features and analytical upsides.

Note: While CMOS detectors have replaced CCD detectors virtually across the board, the term “CCD” remains ubiquitously used, by manufacturers and customers alike, to refer to all such solid-state devices.

Comparison of PMT OES vs CMOS/CCD OES


Output Parameters – Elements covered, detection limits, feature-set etc.

Parameter #1

Elemental coverage:
No. of channels/lines; Number of elements covered

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

A PMT OES typically offers a maximum of 40 elements as delivered to multi-calibration customers as it runs up against the physical
limitations of the PMTs themselves! A PMT is a very large, single-pixel detector. As such, each PMT can detect only one line and therefore,
a new detector needs to be added per line that needs to be analysed. As such, number of lines is limited is restricted by number of
detectors and also space

Normally a PMT OES has ~50 PMTs. The maximum is typically about 100 in very large units. Now, even a single element requires at least
one and normally more lines to be analysed, especially as the range of analysis increases. Depending on calibrations required, a single
element could require even 6-7 different wavelengths to be analysed to deliver optimal analyses. As such, even a top-end 100-PMT OES
would struggle to deliver anywhere close to the elemental coverage as a mid-range CMOS/CCD OES

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Even the most compact CMOS/CCD detectors have at least 2,048 pixels – each of which can detect a distinct wavelength. The CMOS/CCD
detectors MPA use have up to 3,648 pixels (each is a “channel” or “line” and can be analysed); the higher-end OES use tens of CMOS/CCDs
– making this tens of thousands of lines that can be analyzed with ease

The most compact CMOS/CCD OES (MPS’s MOSS) today covers 35+ elements as standard. The top-end models offer well over 60
elements! This is entirely down to the detectors and their capabilities. All lines are covered in the working spectrum as CMOS/CCD
detectors are not restricted to a single line per detector; therefore, the entire periodic table could be covered using a CMOS/CCD OES

Parameter #2

Analytical range:
Lower limits for elements

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES had historically been considered superior for low-level trace analysis and high-purity metals analysis. This was on account of their
abilities on TRS and their high sensitivity. These advantages no longer hold and as a result, today’s PMT OES do not match CMOS/CCD OES
on detection limits. In most instances, PMT OES have inferior detection limits to their CMOS/CCD counterparts

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Advances in speed and sensitivity have led CMOS/CCD detectors being capable of Time-Resolved Spectroscopy (TRS) and Single-spark
analysis as well as offer exceptional signal-to-noise ratios. Combined with cooled, low-temperature optics, these systems now deliver lower
detection limits that are superior to PMT spectrometers

Some examples are analysis of Se, Te and Bi all down to sub-ppm levels in Pure Copper and the analysis of C, O and N down to single-ppm
levels in Steels

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES today deliver pure metals analysis of 99.997+% purity with ease!

Parameter #3

Wavelength Range / span

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Unlike CMOS/CCD OES, PMT OES makers mention range as representative of the range within which they can place a PMT. The range of a
PMT OES does not mean that all these wavelengths are covered; merely that it may be possible to place a PMT detector within this range.

While PMT OES models claim coverage of the full range, these OES have severe limitations and therefore struggle to even utilize the
optimal lines, regardless of the claimed wavelength range / span. As a result, they compromise both in terms of line combinations as well
as elemental coverage.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

120–800 and even more. Using CMOS/CCD detectors, the entire working spectrum is covered in the specified range and any elements that
fall within it can be analyzed either through factory calibration or by adding later on, including at-site.

Parameter #4

Feature-set

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES offer similar features in terms of soluble-insoluble analysis. Other features vary by manufacturer.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Today, Metavision CMOS/CCD OES deliver a full feature set including soluble-insoluble analysis for inclusions, melt addition programs to
optimize furnace operations, automatic grade identification, automatic base / matrix identification and more.

Parameter #5

Precision and accuracy

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT detectors are large – and limited to a single wavelength per detector. This results in twin issues:

  • Detectors can’t be placed too close to each other – and therefore, if two very good lines are in close proximity to each other (often the
    case), the manufacturer must compromise and miss out on one of them – since the detectors are large!
  • Line combinations are limited given that only a small number of detectors can be physically accommodated in the optics! Hence, some
    ranges for some elements will inevitably be “compromise solutions”

As a result, PMT OES make design compromises around the inherent limitations of PMTs and give inferior performance to CMOS/CCD OES.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES offer better performance across the range of analysis as compared with PMT OES. This is down to our ability
to optimally select the line combinations and reference lines for each element across the complete spectrum. This enables the usage of far
more line combinations than is possible in a PMT OES.

The result is that for every element, in every part of the range, a Metavision CMOS/CCD OES optimizes the lines used and therefore
delivers superior performance in terms of precision and accuracy


Flexibility and Scalability

Parameter #1

Upgradeability – Addition of lines post-purchase:
(adding elements after installation)

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Normally not possible & extremely expensive if done at all.

A detector needs to be added per line as each PMT detector can only detect one line. Even a single element addition requires at least one
and normally more lines to be added. This requires hardware addition inside the optics. Instruments need to be sent to the manufacturer
for such additions which is very time-consuming and extremely expensive. Most users therefore never add any lines after the initial
purchase.

Beyond a certain point, line addition becomes impossible as the optics chamber can no longer accommodate more detectors. At this time,
regardless of cost, the instrument can’t be upgraded

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Can be easily and economically done at Site

Requires no hardware addition and no opening of instrument. Low investment in terms of cost and time. MPA accomplishes these
tasks entirely on-site with no shipment required. This allows users to buy only the required lines at the time of purchase and easily and
economically add more capabilities as and when required

Parameter #2

Upgradeability – Addition of programs post-purchase:
(adding capabilities for additional bases / matrices after installation)

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Is prohibitively expensive.

Since hardware addition is needed and that too within the Optics Chamber, the instrument has to be sent back to the manufacturer for
a long period of time. This is disruptive and also extremely expensive. Further, this may not even be possible if the optics chamber can’t
accommodate any further detectors.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Can be easily and economically done at Site

As described earlier, no hardware addition is required. As such, additional matrices, bases and elements can be added easily and
economically on site and without minimal disruption of work


Ease of Use – Operating, daily tasks and routine maintenance

Parameter #1

Profiling

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Needs very regular profiling.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Is self/automatic profiling.

Parameter #2

Warming-up time

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Takes several hours (some models even take a full day from cold start).

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Within 45 minutes from a cold start; top-end models can take as little as 15 minutes

Parameter #3

Analysis times

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES typically take longer to deliver results. Analysis times range from 30-60 seconds for most PMT models

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES leverage the strengths of solid-state devices and deliver rapid analysis results within 10 seconds for the needs
of high-throughput users. For routine requirements, across models, the analysis time ranges (based on application) 10-20 seconds.

Parameter #4

Stability

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES typically require far more frequent re-standardisation.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES are remarkably stable over extended periods of time – lasting for several days without the need for restandardisation.

Parameter #5

Re-standardisation

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES typically offer only multi-point re-standardisation; this is on account of these being extremely dated instruments rather than their
being limited by the PMT detectors themselves

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES offer the facility of single-sample re-standardisation which saves large amounts of time for users. For users
that still wish multi-point re-standardisation, that facility too is offered

Parameter #6

Size

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Is comparatively far larger; even the smaller, low-spec and low-end PMT OES are significantly larger than the larger CMOS/CCD OES models
as they use large detectors and require large optics and mechanical setups to house all the components as well as the vacuum pump!

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Even the largest Metavision CMOS/CCD OES, which are floor-standing, are far more compact than any PMT OES, given that they do not
require any vacuum pump and also they have far more compact optics given the compact nature of the CMOS/CCD detectors


Lifetime costs and Risks

Parameter #1

Acquisition costs

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES are always more expensive than any comparable CMOS/CCD model. These models require more detectors, more electronics
and of course the vacuum system and larger optics – all of which contribute to these models being substantially more expensive than any
CMOS/CCD OES.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Metavision CMOS/CCD OES offer exceptional economy in every class. From offering Oxygen (10 ppm) and soluble-insoluble analysis etc.
in mid-range models to the top-end which offer single-ppm limits for O, C, N and more, Metavision CMOS/CCD OES offer exceptional
economical value. Furthermore, these are uniformly far more economical than any PMT OES.

Parameter #2

Electricity consumption

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

Typical PMT OES consume over 2 KW as they are much more power-hungry and cost a lot more to maintain.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

CMOS/CCD OES are very economical. For example, Metavision OES consume just 50 W in standby and 120 W during analyses

Parameter #3

Risk – caused by Vacuum Pump

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT OES need a high vacuum pump. This is deleterious for the optics, as in case of oil suck-back, the optics get destroyed. This also
increases space requirement, electricity consumption and maintenance costs (oil etc.)

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

CMOS/CCD OES do not need a vacuum pump. These use sealed Argon-filled optics and therefore are risk-free.

Parameter #4

Expense on spares

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMT detectors are more prone to failure, requiring replacements. PMTs are expensive – especially UV region PMTs. Added to this, there
is the vacuum pump, which has a far shorter life than the OES itself. As such, PMT OES incur a lot more maintenance expense than their
CMOS/CCD counterparts.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

Very little; in fact, negligible. CMOS/CCD detectors are used in all manner of applications from space probes to spectrometers and then
several more. Furthermore, these detectors (in a Metavision OES) are inside sealed optical systems. As a result, these detectors virtually
never require any replacement or repair, reducing spares expenses to being very nominal.

Parameter #5

Obsolescence

CPM / PMT Spectrometers

PMTs are getting obsolete; CMOS/CCDs are the present and future of OES. Just 2-3 firms globally continue on PMTs and each of them
has attempted CMOS/CCD models in the last 5 years. PMTs have reached the end of the technology lifecycle and buyers of PMT OES now
risk the substantial downsides of technology obsolescence. This is compounded by the fact that OES last for decades! Maintenance of
an already expensive product post-obsolescence is a massive risk that compounds the issues of buying a more expensive and yet lowerperformance product to start with.

Metavision CMOS/CCD
Spectrometers

CMOS/CCD technology is a core research area and performance levels are continuing to improve rapidly. As such, CMOS/CCD detectors
are here to stay and in no danger of obsolescence for several decades. Indeed, this is why all new OES models are CMOS/CCD based!

Is there anything more to know about OES?

Of course! As with any field, this is merely the beginning. For more, do refer to:

Have Questions? Contact us







      Copyright © 2024 All Rights Reserved. Metal Power Analytical Pte. Ltd.